Step 4
Calculate the N(N-1) value. In this case, it is 106 x (106 – 1) = 11,130.
Species observed | Number of individuals | |
Field A (n) | n(n-1) | |
Cocksfoot grass | 60 | 60 x (60-1) = 3540 |
Timothy grass | 32 | 32 x (32-1) = 992 |
Buttercup | 3 | 3 x (3-1) = 6 |
Clover | 3 | 3 x (3-1) = 6 |
Thistle | 1 | 1 x (1-1) = 0 |
Dandelion | 7 | 7 x (7-1) = 42 |
Total (N) | 106 | 4586 |